Bodybuilding Supplement Glossary

Ever read the back of your supplement packet or any food packaging in the supermarket and wondered what an ingredient is and what is does to your body? We've all been there. It would be hard to find someone that could read the back of your whey protein tub and tell you exactly what everything is and does.

So we've put together a list of terms that you might find written on food packaging, vitamin pill jars and supplement containers. The list is in alphabetical order and can easily be searched using the horizontal line of letters. Also, be sure to check out our main glossary. It's a detailed glossary of all bodybuilding terms and slang.

Quick Jump Menu:
A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z

A

ActiVin

A grape seed extract which acts as a powerful antioxidant.
Submitted by: Damien Mase

Amino Acids

Amino Acids are the "Building Blocks" of the body. Eight are essential (cannot be manufactured by the body) the rest are non-essential (can be manufactured by the body with proper nutrition). Besides building cells and repairing tissue, they form antibodies, they are part of the enzyme & hormonal system; they build RNA and DNA and they carry oxygen throughout the body. Proteins are made up of amino acids. The difference between full spectrum amino acids and regular protein powders is that protein powders have fillers, sweeteners, dyes and extra carbohydrates.
Submitted by: Damien Mase

Androgen

Androgen is the generic term for any natural or synthetic compound, usually a steroid hormone, that stimulates or controls the development and maintenance of masculine characteristics in vertebrates by binding to androgen receptors. This includes the activity of the accessory male sex organs and development of male secondary sex characteristics. Androgens, which were first discovered in 1936, are also called androgenic hormones or testoids.
Submitted by: Damien Mase

Androstenedione

A weak androgenic steroid secreted by the adrenal cortex, testes, and ovary. In normal males less than 5% of their testosterone comes from the conversion of adrenal androstenedione. Androstenedione is converted to testosterone by the enzyme 17-ketoreductase. Androstenedione and testosterone are converted to estrone and estradiol in peripheral tissues (primarily in adipose tissue but also in muscle, kidney, liver and the hypothalamus) by aromatase. The conversion of androstenedione and testosterone accounts for more than 75% of the estrogens in the plasma of normal men. The rest is synthesized in the testes. Gonadotropin secretion may be partially controlled by estrogen formation in the hypothalamus.
Submitted by: Damien Mase

Antioxidants

Agents that inhibit or neutralize potentially harmful compounds known as free radicals. Free radicals are produced during metabolic activity. High levels of free radicals may eventually lead to impaired functioning and destruction of neurons and other bodily cells. Certain antioxidants are thought to neutralize free radicals before cellular damage occurs.
Submitted by: Damien Mase

Arthred

A patented form of hydrolyzed collagen protein (HCL), which forms the framework of human cartilage. The effectiveness of HCL in promoting healthy joints was demonstrated through $10 million in worldwide clinical trials.
Submitted by: Damien Mase

ATP

ATP is a molecule which consists of the nitrogenous base adenine linked to the sugar ribose and which has a chain of three phosphate groups attached to the ribose in a linear fashion. ATP is present in all living cells and serves as an energy source for many metabolic processes; energy is released when ATP is hydrolyzed into ADP. It is the single most important molecule in all living things since it serves as the currency for energy in biological systems.
Submitted by: Damien Mase

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B

BCAA's (branch chain amino acids)

Branch chain amino acids (BCAA's), valine, leucine, and isoleucine, make up approximately 1/3 of muscle protein. BCAA's reduce muscle fatigue, speed recovery, decrease the loss of other amino acids from muscle during exercise and help the body absorb protein. BCAA's are rapidly depleted from the muscle when training. Taking BCAA’s before and/or during a work out will increase performance and delay fatigue. Taking BCAA's immediately after or with a post work out meal will lower cortisol (destroys muscle) levels and replace BCAA levels in the muscles faster.
Submitted by: Damien Mase

Bee Pollen

Bee Pollen is natural material produced by anthers of flowering plants and gathered by bees. It has high concentrations of protein and nutrients. Bee pollen has been used as a high energy food source for centuries, it is also said to promote a healthy immune system. Bee Pollen is a good source of Protein, B Complex vitamins, Vitamin C, essential fatty acids, enzymes, carotenes, minerals and plant sterols (phytonutrients). Bee pollen has some anti-microbial effects and may help allergy sufferers. It also helps fatigue and fatigue related problems.
Submitted by: Damien Mase

Beta-carotene

This nutrient is one of the most important antioxidants and free radical 'hunters' which has been found to strengthen the immune system, destroy carcinogens (cancer-causing substances), guard against heart disease and stroke and lower cholesterol levels. The body converts Beta-Carotene to vitamin A, which is necessary for healthy skin and mucous membranes (the body's first line of defense against invading micro-organisms).
Submitted by: Damien Mase

Beta-Ecdysterone

Beta-Ecdysterone is a sterol produced by plants. Beta Ecdysterone is being hailed as the hottest new supplement to hit the market since Creatine. Beta Ecdysterone produces an increase in protein absorption and can enhance nitrogen retention with the effect of increased work capacity. Beta Ecdysterone also has an anti-oxidant effect. A good dose is 40 mg of active Beta-Ecdysterone (after standardization) 2-3 times daily preferably with a protein containing meal.
Submitted by: Damien Mase

Bioperine

A patented thermogenic nutrient; increases the body’s efficiency in the uptake of nutrients.
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Biotin (Vitamin B)

Essential for metabolism of proteins and carbohydrates.
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Boron

This mineral is important for healthy bones, and especially for the metabolism of calcium, magnesium, and phosphorous. Boron is also helpful for proper mental function and alertness. Seniors can especially benefit from taking boron supplements since they generally have more problems with calcium absorption.
Submitted by: Damien Mase

Bromelain

Bromelain is made from pineapple, bromelain contains protein digesting enzymes. Bromelain supplements aid digestion and also help reduce swelling, bruising and healing time following surgery and/or physical injuries. Bromelain supplements also help coughs and reduce the nasal mucus associated with sinusitis and the inflammation that accompanies hay fever. Bromelain supplements may help reduce pain associated with osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis, in addition, long-term use of Bromelain supplements may be helpful for connective tissue disorders such as scleroderma, bursitis and tendonitis.
Submitted by: Damien Mase

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C

Calcium

Calcium, the most abundant mineral in our bodies, is essential for bone and tooth formation, health and strength Calcium reduces the risk of Osteoporosis (thinning bones and increased risk of fractures). Calcium is found in foods (the body cannot produce calcium). Teeth and bones contain 99 percent of our body's calcium (our tissues, blood, and other fluids contain the remainder) mostly in the form of calcium phosphate. Healthy bones are continually remodeling as parts are reabsorbed and rebuilt, a lack of calcium will mean bones can’t grow properly or maintain their strength as we age. Calcium is also used for muscle growth and contraction, conduction of nerve impulses, stimulating hormone secretion and stimulating blood clotting, regulation of heartbeat, and tranquilising. Getting enough calcium in your diet is important as the body loses calcium every day which should be replaced via your diet. If you do not ingest enough calcium, the body will take calcium from bones where it is stored. Experts recommend an intake of 1000-1200mg per day (for optimum absorption, aim to take amounts of less than 500mg several times a day). Supplements and calcium fortified foods can help you meet these requirements. The body needs vitamin D to absorb calcium.
Submitted by: Damien Mase

Calcium Pyruvate

Calcium Pyruvate is a compound that occurs naturally in the body. Calcium Pyruvate is the end product of the metabolism of sugar and starch. Supplementation with Calcium Pyruvate increases metabolism, accelerating the burning of carbohydrates and fats. Calcium Pyruvate improves exercise performance by enhancing the transport of glucose into muscle cells. Glucose is the body’s cellular fuel, increased glucose utilisation and muscle glycogen retention can mean greater endurance and less fatigue during high intensity sports, burning more fat and thus better gains in lean muscle. Calcium Pyruvate can enhance fat and weight loss by increasing metabolism and fat utilization.
Submitted by: Damien Mase

Calories

Measurement of the potential of food to supply energy.
Submitted by: Damien Mase

Capric Acid

Capric Acid is a fatty acid which part of a group of fats known as “medium chain triglycerides” or “MCT’s”. MCTS are important fatty acids that function differently from usual dietary fat, providing energy like carbohydrates so less fat is stored in the body (hence they are sometimes called “carbo-lipids”). MCTs’ are also known as Captric acid or caprylic acid. MCT’s produce ketones which are used by the muscles in the body to produce energy and so can help prevent the breakdown of muscle tissue during intense exercise. MCT’s are absorbed quickly into the bloodstream for use in producing energy thus sparing muscle glycogen and helping to prolong endurance and stamina, MCT’s don’t result in the tiredness associated simple sugars.
Submitted by: Damien Mase

Carbohydrates

The body’s principal source of energy. Simple carbohydrates come from sugars; complex carbohydrates come from starches and fiber. The body converts them to glucose, which is used to energize cells.
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Carnitine

An amino acid essential for the breakdown of fat into energy. Carnitine may improve the utilization of fats for energy and can be beneficial in conditions associated with impaired fat breakdown and energy production. Carnitine may be beneficial in heart disease, enhancing physical performance, Alzhiemers disease, diabetes, liver disease, and protection against drug toxicity.
Submitted by: Damien Mase

Cholesterol

Substance manufactured by the liver and other organs and consumed via animal fat. High-fat diets increase the amount made. It is believed that high levels lead to collection of cholesterol in the arteries, possibly leading to serious health risks.
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Chromium

Chromium is an essential trace mineral which aids the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats and protein. Chromium picolinate is used to build lean muscle, prevent and treat diabetes, reduce blood cholesterol and promote weight loss. Diabetics should only take Chromium Picolinate on advice. Chromium is important in the burning of carbohydrates and fats in the body, and helps insulin push blood sugar into our cells. Chromium in food is not easily absorbed Chromium Picolinate, the form of the mineral commonly sold as a supplement, is more easily absorbed. Improper metabolism of carbohydrate, fats and proteins can lead to maintaining high blood glucose which will signal the body to store calories as fat, Chromium Picolinate helps prevent this. Research also suggests that Chromium Picolinate supplementation may be beneficial to the cardiovascular system by balancing cholesterol levels. Studies have indicated that Chromium Picolinate supplementation increases HDL (good) cholesterol, thus countering the effects of increased LDL and decreased HDL (bad) cholesterol and supporting cardiovascular health. Chromium picolinate taken in 2mg daily doses may increase lean body mass while decreasing fat.
Submitted by: Damien Mase

CLA

(Conjugated linoleic acid) is a naturally occurring nutrient which scientists have discovered exerts a positive effect on protein and fat metabolism.
Submitted by: Damien Mase

Cod Liver Oil

Cod Liver Oil is an oil obtained from the livers of cod and similar fishes. Cod Liver Oil taken orally as a dietary supplement is a rich source of vitamins A and D, DHA, EPA and other omega 3 fatty acids. Cod liver oil acts as a natural blood thinner that can keep platelets from sticking together and reduce the likelihood of clogged arteries. Extensive research found that the elongated omega-3 fatty acids in cod liver oil reduce the pain and damage in inflamed joints and joint cartilage. Supplementing with omega-3 fatty acids as found in Cod Liver Oil may be beneficial to those suffering from inflammatory skin disorders (a study published in January 2003 found the intake of long chain omega-3 fatty acids from cod liver oil may be very beneficial). Some studies indicate that supplementing with cod liver oil may result in an increase of the child’s IQ by an average of 7 points.
Submitted by: Damien Mase

Coenzyme Q 10

Vital to energy production at the cellular level; used for endurance improvement. Supplementation may decrease fatigue, muscle weakness and obesity. Also recognized for its strong antioxidant properties.
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Colosolic Acic

Colosolic Acic (or corosolic acid, also known as Banaba or botanical inusin) is extracted from the leaves of a plant known as Lagerstroemia speciosa a tree which grows in Souteast Asia. Colosolic Acic is used as an herbal remedy for a number of disorders including diabetes and obesity.
Submitted by: Damien Mase

Copper

Mineral important in the formation of red blood cells; keeps bones, blood vessels, nerves and the immune system healthy.
Submitted by: Damien Mase

Creatine

Creatine naturally occurs in your body. Creatine has been subject to more research than any other supplement. During intense exercise (for example sprinting, or training with weights), your body uses Creatine to provide your body with energy. However, stores within the body only last for about 10 seconds before becoming depleted. Studies have shown that athletes consuming additional Creatine in their diet increase Creatine levels in their bodies which has the effect of dramatically enhancing performance and strength Creatine also speeds up lean muscle gains. Test subjects given Creatine for 12 weeks in combination with a weight-training programme gained 24% and 32% more strength in the bench press and squat than the subjects given a placebo. They also gained twice as much lean muscle despite the fact they did the same amount of training. These kinds of results are typical for virtually anyone using Creatine. Creatine is therefore perfect if you're impatient for faster gains in muscle strength and size. Creatine can be obtained in a wholefood diet by eating muscular meat and dairy products, it would be almost impossible to get enough from a diet to have any effect on performance. The Creatine in food can also be damaged by cooking. Many athletes rely on Creatine supplements to provide them with a competitive edge.
Submitted by: Damien Mase

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D

D-Glucuronolactone

D-Glucuronolactone is a natural substance found in plant gums, D-Glucuronolactone detoxifies the body by speeding up the elimination of harmful substances, both endogenic (toxins within or made by the body) and exogenic (external toxins such as radiation, or pollution that penetrate the body from the outside). Supplementing with D-glucuronolactone, aids the transportation of amino acids during amino acid metabolism.
Submitted by: Damien Mase

Dextrose

Dextrose is also known as Glucose or Blood Sugar and is the simplest carbohydrate. Dextrose is absorbed into body cells and converted into the energy to power the cells. Dextrose occurs naturally in fruits and other parts of plants. Dextrose is included in supplements to help maintain the bioavailability of the supplements.
Submitted by: Damien Mase

DHEA

Dehydroepiandrosterone - is a hormone produced by the adrenal gland. Primary function is to produce estrogen and testosterone.
Submitted by: Damien Mase

Dietary Fiber

Consists of both soluble (dissolves in water) and insoluble (does not dissolve in water) fiber. Diets high in dietary fiber and low in fat may have a protective effect against many chronic illnesses, including heart disease and some cancers, and may reduce LDL (“bad”) cholesterol.
Submitted by: Damien Mase

DMSO

DMSO (Dimethyl Sulfoxide) has the unique ability of being able to penetrate living tissue without causing damage. DMSO (Dimethyl Sulfoxide) is a by product of the wood industry and has been a commercial solvent since 1953. DMSO (Dimethyl Sulfoxide) is used in topical analgesics and has been used by the pharmaceutical industry since the 1960’s. DMSO (Dimethyl Sulfoxide) is in nicotine patches where it is used to transport nicotine into the skin tissues and through them into the blood stream. DMSO (Dimethyl Sulfoxide) can be used in topical supplements to transport many and varied active ingredients into and through the skin.
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E

EPA

Eicosapentaenoic acid (E.P.A.) is a type of Essential Fatty Acid. Fatty Acids are the building blocks of fats, some are “essential” fats that the body can’t make and so we must ingest them in the foods we eat. The Essential Fatty Acids are (a) Alpha Linoleic Acid or Omega 3 this can be converted to Eicosapentaenoic acid (E.P.A.) and Docosahexaenoic Acid (D.H.A.); and (b) Linoleic Acid or Omega 6 which can be converted into Gamma Linolenic Acid (GLA); Dihomogamma Linolenic Acid (DGLA) or Arachidonic Acid (AA). Omega-9 fatty acid is necessary to health yet "non-essential" because the body can manufacture a modest amount on its own, provided other Essential Fatty Acids are present.
Submitted by: Damien Mase

Ephedrine

A sympathetic nerve stimulant resembling adrenaline, its effect on the unstriped muscular fibres is remarkable. It acts promptly in relieving swellings of the mucous membrane. It has valuable antispasmodic properties, acts on the air passages and is of benefit in asthma and hay fever; it is also employed for rheumatism; a 5 to 10 per cent solution has mydriatic properties, prophylactically used for low blood pressure in influenza, pneumonia, etc. Used in tablet form for oral or hypodermic administration and in ampuls for hypodermic, intramuscular and intravenous use. It can advantageously be used in solution with liquid paraffin, either alone or in conjunction with methol camphor and oil of thyme. Dose, 1/2 to 1 grain. Synonyms include Ephedra, and Ma Huang.
Submitted by: Damien Mase

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F

Fats

Provide essential fatty acids that cannot be produced by the body. They transport fat-soluble vitamins and regulate blood cholesterol levels. Provide energy when the body’s carbohydrate level is depleted. Provide protection to vital organs. While fats are essential to the body, many people consume much more than necessary to remain healthy.
Submitted by: Damien Mase

Flaxseed Oil

The Seed of the flax plant has long been used to prepare balms. Flax seeds (also called linseeds) are used today for their therapeutic oil. Flaxseed Oil is rich in essential fatty acids (essential fatty acids play a critical role in body structure and body function but “essential” means they cannot be made in the body and must be injested). Flaxseed has been used as a dietary supplement to treat many ailments, from heart disease to lupus. Essential fatty acids protect cell membranes which helps them admit healthy substances while blocking damaging ones. Flaxseed oil is a rich source of the essential fatty acid alpha linolenic acid (omega-3). Omega-3 (also found in fish) helps reduce the risk of heart disease. Flaxseeds also contain linoleic acid (omega-6) the same healthy fat that is found in vegetable oils. Flaxseed also contain lignans which appear to have a positive affect on the body’s hormones. Flaxseed Oil also contains Oleic Acid (Omega 9) which is a “non-essential” fatty acid. Oleic acid is a mono-unsaturated fatty acid and is the chief fatty acid found in olive oil Oleic acids help lower levels of the harmful type of cholesterol found in the blood.
Submitted by: Damien Mase

Folic Acid

Vitamin important in the synthesis of DNA, tissue growth and the production of red blood cells.
Submitted by: Damien Mase

Fructooligosaccharides

Fructooligosaccharides, also known as “prebiotics”, are fibre carbohydrates which occur naturally in food and stimulate the growth of beneficial bacteria (as apposed to “probiotics” which are themselves the beneficial bacteria). Fructooligosaccharides are found in garlic, rye, brown sugar, bananas, beans, blueberries, onions and barley in trace amounts. You would need to eat large amounts of these foods to obtain a therapeutic dose. Simple sugars in these foods also weaken the benefits. Fructooligosaccharides taste sweet because they are sugars, but they not broken down by enzymes and therefore remain intact and undigested. They leave the small intestine undigested and arrive at the large intestine where they become fuel for the most important “friendly” bacteria - bifidobacterium. Fructooligosaccharides lower blood fats, reduce the risk of colon cancer, increase the absorption of calcium in the intestine and relieve diarrhea induced by antibiotics. Ten grams of Fructooligosaccharides per day as a dietary supplement is thought to be optimum to produce increases in good bacteria. Some people experience flatulence as a side effect associated with taking Fructooligosaccharides as a supplement, especially people who are lactose intolerant. Taking a smaller dose and increasing gradually to the desired amount can help.
Submitted by: Damien Mase

Functional Food

Food or food ingredient that has been shown to affect specific functions or systems in the body. Functional foods play an important role in disease prevention.
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G

Gamma-linolenic acid

Nutrient that increases the rate at which the body burns fat for energy; anti-inflammatory properties and other healthful benefits.
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Ginseng

An herb (Korean - Panax Ginseng) (Siberian - Eleutherococcus senticosus) (American - panax quinqefolium),. The most costly root, ginseng is a low-growing, shade-loving perennial herb of the Araliaceae family. It is cultivated in China, Japan, Korea and Russia and can be taken in capsule form or as a tea. The United States can also cultivate this root.
Submitted by: Damien Mase

Glucosamine

Glucosamine sulfate and n-acetyl glucosamine occur widely in the exoskeleton of arthropods and crustaceans as their biopolymer, chitin. Glucosamine is also a basic constituent of cartilage. Glucosamine is a natural sugar produced by the body and found in certain foods. Glucosamine stimulates the production of glycosaminoglycans and proteoglycans, two essential building blocks of cartilage. In most cases, the joints produce sufficient Glucosamine to keep the cartilage in good repair, but if they fail to do so, it dries out, degenerates, cracks, and may even completely wear away. Left unprotected, the joints then become swollen, stiff, inflamed, tender, and painful--the condition known as osteoarthritis. Advocates believe that by taking artificially synthesized Glucosamine sulfate supplements, osteoarthritis sufferers can "jump start" the natural production of Glucosamine by their own bodies.
Submitted by: Damien Mase

Glutamine

A non-essential amino acid, glutamine is considered to be a brain fuel. Glutamine has been used therapeutically for alcoholism, mild depression and to reduce the craving for sweets. Glutamine is very important in the functioning of the metabolism and muscle maintenance. Glutamine supplementation can help prevent muscle and other tissue breakdown by providing the body with nitrogen and fuel.
Submitted by: Damien Mase

Glycerine

Glycerine is a source of energy the body uses as a starting material in making more complex molecules. Glycerine is metabolised in the liver before it is converted to glucose. Glycerine is often mixed with other foods and is used in supplements to avoid a sharp rise in blood sugar levels.
Submitted by: Damien Mase

Green Tea

Green Tea is the dried leaves of the tea plant. Carnellia Siensis black tea is oxided green tea (both have been used for thousands of years as beverage and medicine.). Green tea extract is a bioflavonoid rich, potent extract which is an anti-oxidant. Green Tea has a high content of polyphenols, which are a class of bioflavonoids. Green Tea is a powerful all round health supplement which also inhibits bacteria that cause food poisoning, blocks the attachment of the bacteria associated with dental cavities to the teeth and helps protect against the inflammatory and carcinogenic effects of ultraviolet radiation. Green tea is non toxic both in acute dosage and high long-term dosage.
Submitted by: Damien Mase

Guarana

Guarana (Paullina Cupana) is the nut-like seed of a climbing vine that grows in the Amazon basin in Brazil. Guarana has been used for centuries by the indigenous people of this area as a natural energy supplement. Over 25% of the soft drinks in Brazil contain Guarana as a main ingredient. The Guarana berry contains a form of caffeine that is 2.5 times stronger than the caffeine found in coffee, tea, and soft drinks. Guarana is a natural supplement to increase performance, physical or mental. Guarana can help after strenuous exercise by cleansing the body of lactic acid buildup and bringing energy levels back to normal.
Submitted by: Damien Mase

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H

Herbs

Plants containing many nutrients and phytochemicals, providing an array of health benefits. Herbs have been known for centuries, but are now becoming the basics of many modern medicines.
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Hydroxycitric Acid

Naturally-occurring nutrient with the ability to inhibit the synthesis of carbohydrates into fat; also works as an appetite suppressant. Found in Relìv products under the brand name CitriMax®.
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I

Inositol

A nutrient that helps prevent the accumulation of fat in the liver; aids in the detoxification of metabolic wastes and toxins.
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Insulin

A protein pancreatic hormone that is essential especially for the metabolism of carbohydrates and is used in the treatment and control of diabetes mellitus.
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Iodene

A mineral necessary for normal cell metabolism. Required by the thyroid gland in the synthesis and secretion of hormones.
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Iodinated Amino Acids

Iodinated Amino Acids are very useful in promoting thyroxin (the hormone produced by the thyroid gland) because thyroxin is made of two amino acids that are linked together but in order to be biologically active, the molecules must have at least three iodine molecules attached to the ring structures of the amino acids. Iodinated Amino Acids can be regarded as precursors for thyroxin. Taking Iodinated Amino Acids as a dietary supplement may help increase throid function and speed up metabolism helping to burn fat.
Submitted by: Damien Mase

Iron

A mineral essential to the formation of hemoglobin and myoglobin (which carries oxygen in the blood and muscles, respectively). A part of several proteins and enzymes in the body.
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Isoflavones

Compounds found in soy which have been shown to significantly reduce serum cholesterol levels — the leading risk factor for heart disease — as well as alleviate menopausal symptoms in women and assist in combating numerous other serious health risks.
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J

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K

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L

L-Alanine

L-Alanine is found in concentrated amounts in meats, wheat germ and cottage cheese. L-Alanine can help prevent hypoglycaemia, and fatigue. L-Alanine enhances concentration and immunity (helps your body produce lymphocytes), supporting the immune system and L-Alanine has also been used for seizure disorders.
Submitted by: Damien Mase

L-Aspartic Acid

L-Aspartic Acid is a non-essential amino acid which your body gets from protein food or makes from glutamate. L-Aspartic Acid is used by the body to metabolise carbohydrates and protein. In the body L-Aspartic Acid is converted to glucose. L-Aspartic Acid is a major factor in the body’s energy cycle and can be used as a supplement to increase resistance to fatigue. L-Aspartic Acid has been shown to increase both stamina and endurance levels in athletes. L-Aspartic Acid removes waste products from the body, it can help the body remove ammonia (a toxic waste product which is converted to urea before it is excreted in urine).
Submitted by: Damien Mase

L-carnitine

A nutrient responsible for the transportation of fats to cells for use in energy production.
Submitted by: Damien Mase

L-Cysteine

L-Cysteine is a non-essential amino acid which acts as an antioxidant. L-Cystine and L-Cysteine are two amino acids that the body can readily convert from one to the other as required. L-Cystine is the more stable form. Cysteine can be synthesized in the body from L-Methionine.
Submitted by: Damien Mase

L-Glutamic Acid

L-Glutamic Acid is one of the non-essential amino acids. L-Glutamic Acid is used along with L-Glutamine and Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA) in brain metabolism and is fuel for both the brain and the body. L-Glutamic Acid helps transport potassium into the brain. L-Glutamic Acid combines to form L-Glutamine, in doing so L-Glutamic Acid detoxifies ammonia. L-Glutamic Acid helps to metabolise other amino acids, sugars and fats. L-Glutamic Acid also increases blood sugar levels and is used in the treatment of hypoglycaemia. L Glutamic acid can be found in protein supplements such as protein powder/bars and amino acid tablets.
Submitted by: Damien Mase

L-Glycine

L-Glycine is a non-essential amino acid with high concentrations in skin and connective tissue. L-Glycine has the simplest structure in amino acids, allowing it to make protein chains easily. This makes L-Glycine useful for repairing damaged tissues and promoting healing. L – Glycine promotes muscle growth and development and helps keep the prostate gland healthy. Taken in does of 2g or more, L-Glycine can aid growth hormone release. Glycine also supplies creatine and supports glycogen storage in the muscles, making glucose available for the production of energy. L-Glycine can be found in protein supplements such as protein powder/bars and amino acid tablets.
Submitted by: Damien Mase

L-Isoleucine

L-Isoleucine is an “essential” amino acid (amin acids are building blocks of protein ) which is termed a “branched chain amino acid”. L-Isoleucine is essential to the formation of hemoglobin.
Submitted by: Damien Mase

L-Lysine

L-Lysine is one of the essential amino acids (classified as essential as your body is unable to produce it and so must get it from the foods that supply it). L-Lysine is used by the body to build new tissue L-Lysine is required for optimum growth. L-Lysine helps to form collagen which in turn makes up bone, cartilage and other connective tissue. L-Lysine produces L-Carnitine which helps with stress, fat metabolism and fatigue.
Submitted by: Damien Mase

L-Ornithine

L-Ornithine is a non-essential amino acid synthesised in the body from L-Arginine. L-Ornithine is then a precursor to L-Citrulline, L-Proline and L-Glutamic Acid. L-Ornithine can help the body to stimulate the release of growth hormone which helps increase muscle mass whilst promoting the metabolism of excess body fat. L-Ornithine is essential for proper immune system and liver function. L-Ornithine also helps insulin release and helps form urea, detoxifying ammonia which is poisonous to living cells. L-Ornithine is found in large amounts in skin and connective tissue and so helps healing and repairing damaged tissue.
Submitted by: Damien Mase

L-Proline

L- Proline is a non-essential amino acid (non-essential amino acids can be made within the body). L-Proline is important for joint and tendon functions and good heart muscles. L-Proline, and L-Lysine are precursors of hydroxylysine and hydroxyproline which are two constituents of collagen which in turn is the main fibrous protein that is found in bone, cartilage and other tissue. L-Proline is synthesized in the body from L-Glutamine. Low protein or vegetarian diets may result in less than optimal production of L-Proline.
Submitted by: Damien Mase

L-Taurine

L-Taurine is a non essential amino acid (i.e. one that your body can make for itself and does not need to get from the diet). L-Taurine is a specialized amino acid used in the body for the central nervous system and all body muscle including the heart muscle. Taurine is also a potent antioxidant L Taurine is also an antitoxin. In these roles L-Taurine is particularly important to the liver and immune system.
Submitted by: Damien Mase

L-Threonine

L-Threonine is an essential amino acid (essential amino acids cannot be made by the body and must be obtained from food). L-Threonine is vital for normal growth and helps store energy in the liver and the muscles. L-Threonine is lipotrophic it acts to break down saturated fats into unsaturated ones. L-Threonine also boosts the immune system by producing antibodies. L Threonine is also an important constituent of collagen which in turn is the main fibrous protein found in bone.
Submitted by: Damien Mase

L-Tyrosine

L-Tyrosine is an amino acid (protein building block) that the body synthesizes from phenylalanine, another amino acid. L-Tyrosine is important to the structure of almost all proteins in the body. L-Tyrosine plays an important role in cell production and the function of the adrenal, pituitary and thyroid glands. L-Tyrosine is also the precursor of several neurotransmitters, including L-dopa, dopamine, nor epinephrine (an appetite inhibitory neurotransmitter), and epinephrine. L-Tyrosine also stimulates the release of growth hormone which causes muscle growth and reduces body fat.
Submitted by: Damien Mase

Linseed

The Seed of the flax plant has long been used to prepare balms. Flax seeds (also called linseeds) are used today for their therapeutic oil. Linseed or Flaxseed Oil is rich in essential fatty acids.
Submitted by: Damien Mase

Lysine

Essential amino acid. Important for growth, tissue repair, and the production of hormones, enzymes and antibodies. Research indicates that lysine may be useful in the treatment of migraine and herpes simplex. Precursor to carnitine in the body.
Submitted by: Damien Mase

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M

Magnesium

A mineral aiding many basic functions, including metabolism, heart rhythm, bone growth and the function of nerves and muscles.
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Manganese

A mineral playing a vital role in reproduction and energy production; very important in building healthy bones. Medium Chain Triglycerides (MCT) – Provide twice the energy of carbohydrates; have no significant effect on insulin production. Improve the absorption of amino acids and reduce muscle tissue breakdown.
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Milk Thistle

Milk Thistle (also known as Silymarin) is a natural herb that has been used for centuries as a liver treatment and is commonly used today as a dietary supplement to aid liver support. Milk Thistle contains Silymarin which is a flavonoid (flavonoids support health as anti-inflammatory, antihistaminic and anti viral agents, they are also antioxidants which protect against free radicals, unstable oxygen molecules which are potentially damaging by-products of the body’s metabolism and which may contribute to the development of cardio-vascular disease and cancer). Milk thistle is also thought to help regenerate the liver.
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Molybdenum

A mineral required to activate certain enzymes that are necessary for thousands of bodily functions.
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N

Natraceuticals

Natraceuticals are a sub group of whole foods and may be referred to as super foods, they have health benefits beyond those of normal foods. Natraceuticals are manufactured products and supplements containing herbal remedies, large doses of vitamins and/or minerals or other nutrients which when taken have a positive effect on health. Natraceutical supplements are sometimes be considered natural alternatives for pharmaceuticals.
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Niacin (Vitamin B3)

Crucial for conversion of food into energy; helps maintain normal functioning of the skin, nerves and digestive system.
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Nitric Oxide

Nitric Oxide is a molecule used in the body for key physiological processes and is synthesized from the amino acid L-Arginine. Nitric Oxide is a “vasodilator” which encourages the bloods vessels in the body to dilate (relax) which increases blood flow to the body’s working muscles. Nitric Oxide allows more oxygen and nutrients to be delivered to the muscles which can give fuller and longer lasting “pumps” and increased overall muscle gain.
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O

Octacosanol

A naturally derived wheat germ oil concentrate which has been clinically proven to increase oxygen utilization when exercising.
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P

PABA

Functions in the breakdown and use of proteins in the formation of blood cells.
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Pantothenic acid (Vitamin B5)

Essential in metabolizing food; aids in the synthesis of various body chemicals, such as hormones and cholesterol.
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Phosphatidylserine (PS)

Increases the rate of protein synthesis during periods normally marked by muscle breakdown. Can aid in memory function.
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Phosphorus

A mineral vital to energy production; helps build bone and form cell membranes and genetic material.
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Potassium

Potassium/Potassium Phosphate is a mineral which assists in muscle contraction and in maintaining fluid and electrolyte balance in body cells. Potassium is used for regulating heartbeat and helps muscles contract and relax. Potassium is also important in sending nerve impulses as well as releasing energy from protein, fat, and carbohydrates during metabolism. Potassium can be found in potatoes, spinach, lentils, kidney beans, split peas, butternut squash, watermelon, raisins, yoghurt, orange juice, brussel sprouts, courgettes, bananas and broccoli.
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Protein

The building blocks of the body. Composed of amino acids, which are vital to the body’s growth and function. Supplies valuable enzymes that regulate bodily functions. Key to muscle building and development.
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Q

Quercetin

Quercetin is a concentrated form of Bioflavenoids derived from citrus fruit. Bioflavonoids are also known as flavenoids. These compounds are occasionally classed together as Vitamin “P”. Quercetin is a water-soluble plant pigment. While Quercetin is not considered essential, it does support health as an anti-inflammatory, antihistaminic, and anti-viral agent.
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R

RDI

Recommended Dietary Intake. Estimates of daily minimal dietary intake of established nutrients provided by the Food and Nutrition Board of the National Research Council. Optimal levels have not been formally established.
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S

Saw Palmetto Berry

An herb (Sarena Serrulata). Saw Palmetto is a small palm tree with red berries which were used by Native American Indians to ease certain ailments. The red berries contain high concentrations of plant sterols, including B-sistosterol, which act as anti-inflammatory agents. In addition, the berries provide a variety of fatty acids and phytosterols which inhibit the action of dihydrotestosterone, the compound thought to be responsible for the enlargement of the prostate.
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Selenium

Selenium (Se) has been shown to prevent or slow aging and is an essential component of key antioxidant enzymes (anti-oxidants protect against free radicals, unstable oxygen molecules which are potentially damaging by-products of the body’s metabolism and which may contribute to the development of cardio-vascular disease and cancer This anti-oxidant action helps in the body by slowing cellular aging due to oxidation). Selenium also helps keep youthful elasticity in tissues and is essential for normal growth and development. Selenium can be taken as a dietary supplement either on its own or included in a multivitamin and multi mineral supplement and is usually included in meal replacement powders and bars.
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Sodium

Helps regulate blood pressure and water balance in the body.
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St. Johns wort

An herb (Hypericum perforatum). St. John's Wort is an aromatic perennial herb which has been used for centuries for a wide variety of conditions. The plant's active compound, hypericin, has anti-bacterial and anti-inflammatory activity. Hypericin has also been shown to have monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibiting activity, mimicking the action of antidepressant agents.
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T

Testosterone

A naturally occurring androgenic hormone.
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Tocotrienols

Tocotrienols along with tocopherols are from the vitamin E family of nutrients. Tocotrienols are derived from plants and are anti oxidants (anti-oxidants help in the body by slowing cellular aging due to oxidation). Vitamin E supplies oxygen to the blood which is then carried around the body to the organs helping with fatigue and nourishing cells and helping with muscle and nerve maintenance. Vitamin E also helps with cholesterol reduction, strengthens capillary walls and protects lungs. Most commercial vitamin E supplements do not contain the gamma form of the vitamin, depriving you of the full range of its antioxidant effects.
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Tonalin (conjugated linoleic acid)

An essential fatty acid shown to reduce body fat and increase muscle tone.
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Tyrosine

A nonessential amino acid but may be essential for individuals with certain diseases or nutritional concerns. May be important for neurotransmitter synthesis and mood regulation. May be useful for depression, allergies and addictive states.
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U

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V

Vanadyl

Vanadium is an essential mineral present in many foods but one which is not easily absorbed. Trace amounts of Vanadium are essential in the diet but it is not entirely clear what role it plays in the body or what effect deficiency has on our bodies. Vanadium is found in several forms such as Vanadyl Sulphate and Vanadate.
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Vitamin A

Fat-soluble vitamin that promotes good vision; helps form and maintain healthy skin, teeth and skeletal and soft tissue; possibly increases resistance to infection.
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Vitamin B1

Vitamin B1 (Thiamin) is used in the body to digest carbohydrates and in the body’s metabolism to generate energy. Vitamin B1 (Thiamin) is essential for the normal function of the brain, nervous system, muscles and heart and promotes growth and muscle tone. Vitamin B1 (Thiamin) also aids the circulation and helps maintain the intestines.
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Vitamin B12

Important for metabolism regulation and red blood cell production; helps maintain a healthy central nervous system.
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Vitamin B2

Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin) is needed by the body to use oxygen and for the metabolism of amino acids, fatty acids and carbohydrates to produce energy. Vitamin B2 is also needed to activate Vitamin B6 and to create Niacin (Vitamin B3). Vitamin B2 is also used for red blood cell formation, antibody production, cell respiration and growth. Vitamin B2 is also needed when protein intake is high and is most beneficial to the skin, hair and nails.
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Vitamin B3

Vitamin B3 (Niacin), promotes release of energy from foods and aids efficient nervous system function, circulation, growth and metabolism of protein, fat and carbohydrates. Vitamin B3 also aids sex hormone production and reduces cholesterol levels in blood, reducing high blood pressure.
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Vitamin B6

Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine) is a water soluble vitamin essential for health. Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine) is essential for more than 100 enzymes involved in synthesis and breakdown of amino acids (the building blocks of protein). Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine) is used for fat metabolism, red and white blood cell growth, antibody formation and for the efficient function of the nervous and lymphatic systems. Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine) is also needed for the conversion of L-Tryptphan (an amino acid) to Niacin (Vitamin B3 which is also important to the circulatory and nervous systems.).
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Vitamin C

Antioxidant that performs a variety of roles in the body, helping to promote healthy gums and teeth, aids in mineral absorption, helps heal wounds. May provide a variety of other health benefits.
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Vitamin D

Promotes absorption of calcium and helps maintain proper blood levels of calcium and phosphorus.
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Vitamin E

Vitamin E is a fat soluble vitamin that acts as a major anti-oxidant protecting against free radicals, unstable oxygen molecules which are potentially damaging by-products of the body’s metabolism and which may contribute to the development of cardio-vascular disease and cancer This anti-oxidant action helps in the body by slowing cellular aging due to oxidation. Vitamin E supplies oxygen to the blood which is then carried around the body to the organs helping with fatigue and nourishing cells and helping with muscle and nerve maintenance.
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Vitamin K

Vital to blood clotting; may help maintain strong bones with aging.
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W

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X

Xylitol

Xylitol is a white, odorless crystalline substance that looks and tastes like sugar and was discovered in 1891 by a German chemist- Emil Fischer. Xylitol is broadly classed as a carbohydrate but is absorbed slowly by the body and not all utilised and has 40% less calories than most other carbohydrates. Xylitol has been used in foods as a bulk sweetener for decades and is useful as a sugar substitute and in diabetic foods.
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Y

Yohimbe Bark

A hormone stimulant, particularly effective in the production of testosterone. Primary Uses: as an aphrodisiac affecting both the male impotence and female frigidity. Secondary Uses: in bodybuilding and athletic formulas where more testosterone production is desired.
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Z

Zinc

Zinc is an essential mineral found in almost every cell in the body and an essential part of more than 100 enzymes. Zinc supports a healthy immune system and is used for protein synthesis, Zinc is used in the formation of collagen which is the base of bone onto which calcium is deposited. Zinc is also used for wound healing, and for a sense of taste and smell. Zinc is used to help prostrate gland function, burn and wound healing and reproductive organ growth and development.
Submitted by: Damien Mase

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